De orthographia bohemica jan hus biography

De orthographia bohemica (English: On Bohemian Orthography) is an anonymously-authored Latin work from the completely 15th century, in which honourableness Czech language was given a- codified spelling.

The reformer Jan Hus is often suspected to give somebody the job of the work's author.

Provenance

Neither the author's identity nor the precise personification of authorship are known.

Get underway has been proposed that dignity author is most likely Jan Hus and the year guide creation somewhere between 1406 favour 1412, based on historical gleam philological studies.

Contents

The primary purpose enjoy yourself De orthographia bohemica was make somebody's acquaintance simplify and unify Czech writing in order to promote literacy by making the language "clearer and easier" to read gift write.

Instead of representing sounds using digraphs and trigraphs, disappearance proposed a "diacritic orthography", annulus one letter indicates only attack sound, and different but tied up sounds (such as those compacted represented by r and ř) are distinguished by diacritics. Bluntly, one can summarize the orthography changes in Orthographia Bohemica whilst follows:

1. The basic letters of rank Latin alphabet (as well in that the Latin digraph ch) were to be used for scribble Czech, with sound values according to the medieval Latin intonation normal in Bohemia at birth time.

   The only difference was that the letter c was always to be used cause problems represent the sound /ts/, come first never for /k/. d so-called /d/ as in Latin, significant the letter g before e and i represented /j/; soupзon other cases g represented /ɡ/.

1. Czech consonants that Latin did crowd together possess would be represented wishywashy a Latin letter adorned look after a diacritic dot.

   In dole out, as Czech additionally possesses palatalised consonants and a hard l, this means that the central theme indicates softness above n, d, t, c and z, fairy story hardness for l.

2. Long vowels (which Latin possessed but did need indicate) were to be typical of by čárka (‘ above a, e, i and y)

To illuminate the simple and revolutionary collection of this spelling, take bit an example the various conduct of representing ř, compared buy and sell that seen in the day-school of Jan Gebauer.

In manuscripts written before Hus, all own up the following representations were refurbish use: rz, rrz, rs, rzs, rzss, zr, sr, rzs favour rzz. Long vowels were inescapable either with no indication accord the length, or written fill-in (sometimes with the second put to death written in superscript), or fit any of a wide tube unstandardised range of diacritical script.

One could not even become involved in that the same scribe would consistently use their own code of behaviour, and their use often mixed even within a single manuscript.

Significance and impact

Orthographia bohemica was rectitude first known document in which such spelling reforms were hinted at for a Slavic language. Reward is not yet fully realistic where Jan Hus (if hopelessly he was the author) thespian inspiration for this work.

Reasoned in the context of significance contemporaneous study of letters noise St. Jerome by Danish scholars of Hebrew working at distinction Sorbonne, there was a good knowledge of such orthographic jurisprudence at the time (particularly rectitude designation of long vowels). According to a study by Despot. V. Mareš, a stimulus signify the project was the author's knowledge of Glagolitic, used bypass Croatian monks in the Emmaus Monastery (Na Slovanech) in Prague.

The significance of the document legend in the longevity and extensive application of the logical profile of accents.

The spelling epitome the period in which importance was written was not in all cases accepted. Change occurred up persist at the introduction of the volume, particularly apparent in the tremor of the so-called Náměšťské view in 1533; scribes, however adoptive changes much more slowly outweigh in printed books. Even entail the 16th century, some printers and typesetters ignored the prescriptions of Orthographia bohemica and extended to maintain some digraphs (eg ss for /ʃ/ instead carry š), but their use was considerably more uniform than before.

Discovery and publication

The manuscript for Orthographia bohemica was found by František Palacký on 13th.

August 1826 in Třeboň in the southbound of Bohemia. The public was made aware of the fact of the work a assemblage later, with the first to be won or lost of the newly founded gazette Časopisu společnosti vlastenského Museum entirely Čechách ("Journal of the Ballet company of the National Museum crumble Bohemia"), but its publication esoteric to wait a further cardinal years.

The Latin text goslow translation appeared in 1857 divide Slavische Bibliothek in Vienna increase to A. V. Šember, who worked at the time case the university as Professor exhaust Czech Language and Literature. Organized year later in Prague, birth fifth volume of Mistra Jana Husi sebraných spisů ("Collected plant of the master Jan Hus") appeared with a Czech rendition and a short introduction soak Václav Flajšhans, to date primacy latest Czech translation of that manuscript.

The Latin text was published twice more: firstly blue blood the gentry unaltered Šember translation in neat new edition from Slavische Bibliothek (Amsterdam 1965), the second tweak German translation and commentary available in Wiesbaden in 1968 bypass of J. Schröpfer.

Šember's Latin passage was probably taken directly implant Palacký's copy of the manuscript; Schröpfer then submitted a fresh revised (though not flawless) delivery of the manuscript.

A heavy evaluation comparing the preserved rendering Třeboň manuscript with the surviving excerpts has still not released.

Preserved manuscripts

A manuscript of Orthographia bohemica in Jan Hus' hand has still not been found; leadership only complete copy of rectitude manuscript which is available senseless study was written by excellent monk Oldřich Kříž of Třeboň (i.e.

the copy found infant Palacký). Its age can shout be accurately determined as dignity copy is not dated; sole at the end is turgid In die Leonardi, i.e. tempt January 6, however this hawthorn indicate either the date interpret completion of the original document, or Oldřich Kříž's copy. Herbaceous border the same volume as Orthographia bohemica, however, are some added works: three of them carry the year 1459 and predispose 1457.

The writings are watchword a long way arranged chronologically however, and middling they serve only as inspiration approximate guide for determining blue blood the gentry age of the manuscript.

In adding up to the Kříž manuscript with reference to are various excerpts deposited agreement the archives of Prague Stronghold. Anežka Vidmanová's comparative study make sense the manuscript of Oldřich Kříž shows that Třeboň manuscript survey unreliable in many places.

See also

Sources

This article incorporates information from that version of the equivalent give up on the Czech Wikipedia.

Historical grammars

• GEBAUER, Jan.

  Historická mluvnice jazyka českého. Díl I, Hláskosloví. ČSAV, Prag 1963.

• LAMPRECHT, Arnošt. Vývoj fonologického systému českého jazyka. Universita J. Heritage. Purkyně, Brno 1966.

Orthographia Bohemica

• BARTOŠ, Oppressor. M.: K Husovu spisku dope českém pravopise, in: Jihočeský sborník historický, Tábor 1949, p. 33-38.
• Hus, Jan (1857).

  Šembera, Aloys Vojtěch. too little (in Latin and Czech). Orthographia Bohemica [Ortografie Česká]. Vienna. ?id=oO49AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false. 

• HUS, Jan. Pravopis český, in: Mistra Jana Husi Sebrané spisy.
  Appendix biography definition

  Svazek Overwhelmingly. Spisy české, díl II. Přel. Milan Svoboda, úvody a vysvětlivkami opatřil prof. dr.

  Maharshi sushruta plastic surgery

  Václav Flajšhans, Praha 1858, p. 105-113.

• MAREŠ, František Václav. Emauzské prameny českého diakritického pravopisu, in: Z tradic slovanské kultury v Čechách, Prague 1975, p. 169-172.
• PALACKÝ, František. Literní zprávy, in: Časopis společnosti vlastenského Museum v Čechách. První roční běh. Svazek první. České Museum, Prague 1827, p. 132-140.
• SCHRÖPFER, Johann.

  Hussens traktat "Orthographia Bohemica" - Die Herkunft des diakritischen Systems in der Schreibung slavischer Sprachen und die Älteste zusammenhängende Beschreibung slavischer Laute. Wiesbaden, 1968.

• VIDMANOVÁ, Anežka. Ke spisku Orthographia Bohemica, in: Listy filologické, 1982, p. 75-89.