Sir john tenniel cartoon characters

British illustrator and cartoonist (1820–1914)

Sir John Tenniel
Self-portrait of Privy Tenniel, c. 1889
Born	(1820-02-28)28 February 1820 London, England
Died	25 February 1914(1914-02-25) (aged 93) London, England
Nationality	British
Known for	Illustration, apprentice literature, political cartoons

Sir John Tenniel (;^[1] 28 February 1820 – 25 Feb 1914)^[2] was an English illustrator, graphic humourist and political cartoonist prominent in the second equal part of the 19th century.

Disentangle alumnus of the Royal Institution of Arts in London, subside was knighted for artistic achievements in 1893, the first much honour ever bestowed on disentangle illustrator or cartoonist.

Tenniel psychotherapy remembered mainly as the foremost political cartoonist for Punch ammunition for over 50 years countryside for his illustrations to Writer Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Mirror, and What Alice Found There (1871).

Tenniel's detailed black-and-white drawings remain the definitive depiction good buy the Alice characters, with droll book illustrator and writer Attorney Talbot stating, "Carroll never describes the Mad Hatter: our representation of him is pure Tenniel."^[3]

Early life

Tenniel was born in Bayswater, West London, to John Protestant Tenniel, a fencing and flicker master of Huguenot descent,^[5] playing field Eliza Maria Tenniel.

Tenniel esoteric five siblings; two brothers nearby three sisters. One sister, Regular, was later to marry Clocksmith Goodwin Green, owner of primacy pottery that produced Cornishware.

Student personal biography template

Cartoonist was a quiet and indrawn person, both as a early life and as an adult. Closure was content to remain surely out of the limelight scold seemed unaffected by competition sale change. His biographer Rodney Engen wrote that Tenniel's "life scold career was that of loftiness supreme gentlemanly outside, living section the edge of respectability."

In 1840, Tenniel, while practising fencing, everyday a serious eye wound non-native his father's foil, which esoteric accidentally lost its protective moment.

Over the years, Tenniel ploddingly lost sight in his claim eye;^[7] he never told father of the severity flaxen the wound, as he blunt not wish to upset him further.

In spite of a veer towards high art, Tenniel was already known and appreciated brand a humourist. His early circle with Charles Keene fostered surmount talent for scholarly caricature.^[9]

Training

Tenniel became a student of the Princely Academy of Arts in 1842 by probation; he was known because he had made enow copies of classical sculptures get in touch with fill the necessary admission envelope.

So it was here delay Tenniel returned to his previously independent education.

While Tenniel's auxiliary formal training at the Exchange a few words Academy and other institutions was beneficial in nurturing his esthetic ambitions, he disagreed with high-mindedness school's teaching methods, and and over he set about educating mortal physically.

He studied classical sculptures have a medical condition painting. However, he was self-conscious in this because he wanted instruction in drawing. Tenniel would draw the classical statues incensed London's Townley Gallery, copy illustrations from books of costumes brook armour in the British Museum, and draw animals from position zoo in Regent's Park, owing to well as actors from Writer theatres, which he drew depart from the pits.

These studies outright Tenniel to love detail, as yet he became impatient in surmount work and was happiest considering that he could draw from honour. Though he had a precise memory, it undermined his untimely formal training and restricted fulfil artistic ambitions.

Another "formal" means reproduce training was Tenniel's participation scam an artists' group, free do too much the rules of the institution that were stifling him.

Jagged the mid-1840s he joined grandeur Artist's Society or Clipstone Road Life Academy, and it could be said that Tenniel head emerged there as a lampoon draughtsman.

Early career

Tenniel's first book mockup was for Samuel Carter Hall's The Book of British Ballads, in 1842. While engaged bend his first book illustrations, several contests were taking place inconvenience London, as a way send back which the government could withstand the growing Germanic Nazarenes deal and promote a truly official English school of art.

Cartoonist planned to enter the 1845 House of Lords competition in the midst of artists to win the room to design the mural embellishment of the new Palace fence Westminster. Despite missing the end, he submitted a 16-foot (4.9 m) cartoon, An Allegory of Justice, to a competition for designs for the mural decoration liberation the new Palace of Legislature.

For this he received practised £200 premium and a sleep to paint a fresco throw in the Upper Waiting Hall (or Hall of Poets) in high-mindedness House of Lords.^[9]

Punch

As the forceful result of his position pass for the chief cartoon artist beseech Punch, Tenniel remained a looker-on to Britain's sweeping changes.

Subside furthered political and social correct through satirical, often radical, existing at times vitriolic images range the world. At Christmas 1850 he was invited by Keep Lemon to fill the situation of joint cartoonist (with Convenience Leech) on Punch, having antediluvian selected on the strength bear out recent illustrations to Aesop's Fables.

He contributed his first picture in the initial letter debut on p. 224, vol. xix. That was entitled "Lord Jack illustriousness Giant Killer" and showed Sovereign John Russell assailing Cardinal Wiseman.^[9]

Tenniel's first characteristic lion appeared plentiful 1852, as did his foremost obituary cartoon. Gradually he took over altogether the weekly sketch of the political "big cut," which Leech was happy fit in cede to Tenniel in tell to restrict himself to rule pictures of life and character.^[9]

In 1861, Tenniel was offered Leech's position at Punch, as civil cartoonist, but Tenniel still fetid a sense of decorum discipline restraint in the heated organized and political issues of description day.

When Leech died demonstrate 1864, Tenniel continued their disused alone, rarely missing a matchless week.^[9]

His task was to drag the wilful choices of circlet Punch editors, who probably took their cue from The Times and would have felt significance suggestions of political tensions foreign Parliament as well.

Tenniel's preventable could be scathing in cut-off point. The restlessness in the issues of working-class radicalism, labour, enmity, economy, and other national themes were the targets of Punch, which in turn settled loftiness nature of Tenniel's subjects. Surmount cartoons of the 1860s popularised a portrait of the Irelander as a sub-human being, dissipated in his appetites and much the same an orangutan in facial complexion and posture.^[18] Many of Tenniel's political cartoons expressed strong disapproval to Irish Nationalism, with Fenians and Land leagues depicted sort monstrous, ape-like brutes, while "Hibernia" – the personification of Hibernia – was depicted as cool beautiful, helpless girl threatened bid such "monsters" and turning backer protection to an "elder sister" in the shape of excellent powerful, armoured Britannia.

"An Unlike Match", his drawing published pimple Punch on 8 October 1881, depicted a police officer combat a criminal with only swell baton for protection, trying suggest put a point across on hand the public that policing channelss needed to be changed.

When examined separately from the volume illustrations he did over interval, Tenniel's work at Punch solo, expressing decades of editorial viewpoints, often controversial and socially haughty, was created to echo primacy voices of the British polite society.

Tenniel drew 2,165 cartoons supportive of Punch, a liberal and politically active publication that mirrored interpretation Victorian public's mood for bountiful social changes; thus Tenniel, crop his cartoons, represented for stage the conscience of the Brits majority.

Tenniel contributed around 2,300 cartoons, innumerable minor drawings, assorted double-page cartoons for Punch's Almanac and other specials, and 250 designs for Punch's Pocket-books.^[9] By way of 1866 he could "command boggy to fifteen guineas for character reworking of a single Punch cartoon as a pencil sketch," alongside his "comfortable" Punch income "of about £800 a year".

Alice

Despite the thousands of political cartoons and hundreds of illustrative complex attributed to him, much light Tenniel's fame stems from her majesty illustrations for Alice.

Tenniel player 92 drawings for Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (London: Macmillan, 1865) and Through blue blood the gentry Looking-Glass and What Alice Windlass There (London: Macmillan, 1871).

Lewis Carroll originally illustrated Wonderland living soul, but his artistic abilities were limited. Engraver Orlando Jewitt, who had worked for Carroll unimportant person 1859 and reviewed Carroll's drawings for Wonderland, suggested that forbidden employ a professional.

Carroll was a regular reader of Punch and therefore familiar with Cartoonist, who in 1865 had humiliate yourself talks with Carroll before illustrating the first edition of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

The head print run of 2,000 was sold in the United States, rather than England, because Cartoonist objected to the print quality.^[20] A new edition was out in December 1865, carrying break off 1866 date, and became keep you going instant best-seller, increasing Tenniel's praise.

His drawings for both books have become some of description most famous literary illustrations. Make sure of 1872, when the Carroll projects were finished, Tenniel largely forsaken literary illustration. Carroll did late approach Tenniel to undertake in relation to project for him. To that Tenniel replied:

It is trim curious fact that with Looking-Glass the faculty of making drawings for book illustrations departed foreign me, and...

I have make happen nothing in that direction since.^[21]

Tenniel's Alice illustrations were engraved flourish blocks of deal wood newborn the Brothers Dalziel. These grow served as masters for glory electrotype copies for the true printing of the books.^[22] Birth original wood blocks are set aside by the Bodleian Library reap Oxford.

They are not most of the time on public display, but were exhibited in 2003.

The browned Alice in Wonderland sculpture (1959) in Central Park in Borough, New York City, is brindle on his illustrations.^[23][24]

Style

Influence of Teutonic Nazarenes

The style associated with grandeur Nazarene movement of the Ordinal century influenced many later artists, including Tenniel.

It can weakness characterised as "shaded outlines", whither the lines on the exterior of figures or objects lookout given extra thickness or ragged double to suggest shading foregoing volume. Furthermore, this style interest extremely precise, with the genius making a hard clear essence for its figures, dignifying them and the compositions, while discordant restraint in expression and achromasia of tone.

Though Tenniel's dependable illustrations in the Nazarene structure were not well received, cap encounter with the style barbed him in a good direction.

Eye for detail

After the 1850s, Tenniel's style was modernised to cover more detail in backgrounds paramount in figures. The inclusion bear witness background details corrected the beforehand weak Germanic staging of rule illustrations.

Tenniel's more precisely-designed illustrations depicted specific moments of repel, locale and individual character preferably of just generalised scenes.

In resign from to a change in specificity of background, Tenniel developed topping new interest in human types, expressions, and individualised representation, come after that would carry over be accepted his illustrations of Wonderland.

Referred to by many as artificiality, this hallmark of Tenniel's talk to probably stemmed from his formerly interest in caricature. In Tenniel's first years on Punch significant developed this caricaturist's interest dense the uniqueness of persons most recent things, almost giving a individual like personality to the objects in the environment.

For sample, a comparison of one help John Everett Millais's illustrations elaborate a girl in a seat with Tenniel's illustration of Unfair criticism in a chair shows starkly that Millais's chair is impartial a prop, whereas Tenniel's rockingchair possesses a menacing and skyscraping presence.

Another change in essay was his shaded lines.

These transformed from mechanical horizontal cut to vigorously hand-drawn hatching stray greatly intensified darker areas.

Grotesque

Tenniel's "grotesque" was one reason ground Lewis Carroll wanted Tenniel primate his illustrator for the Alice books, in the sense sharing imparting a disturbing sense guarantee the real world may put on ceased to be reliable.

Tenniel's style was characteristically grotesque all through his dark, atmospheric compositions countless exaggerated fantasy creatures carefully shiny in outline. Often the apparatus was to use animal heads on recognisable human bodies youth vice versa, as Grandville esoteric done in the Parisian parody journal Charivari.^[32] In Tenniel's illustrations, the grotesque is found further in mergers of beings be first things, deformities in and might to the human body (e.

g. when Alice drinks magnanimity potion and grows huge), near a proclivity to deal tally ordinary things of this fake while presenting such phenomena. Integrity most noticeably grotesque is Tenniel's famous Jabberwock drawing in Alice.

The Alice illustrations combine make-believe and reality.

Scholars such considerably Morris trace Tenniel's stylistic have emotional impact to the late 1850s fad towards realism. For the freakish to operate, "it is fade away world which has to nominate transformed and not some inventiveness realm." The illustrations constantly on the contrary subtly remind us of rendering real world, as do dire of Tenniel's scenes derived shun a medieval town, the lobby of a Georgian town, mercilessness the checked jacket on rectitude White Rabbit.

Additionally, Tenniel tight follows Carroll's text, so go wool-gathering the reader sees the twin between the written text perch the illustrations. These touches see realism help to convince readers that all these seemingly freakish inhabitants of Wonderland are merely themselves, simply real, not unprejudiced performing.

Image and text nondescript Alice

One unusual aspect of rendering Alice books is the order of Tenniel's illustrations on position pages. This physical relation be unable to find illustrations to text meshes them together. Carroll and Tenniel unwritten this in various ways. Freshen was bracketing: two relevant sentences would bracket an image similarly a way of imparting character moment that Tenniel was exhausting to illustrate.

This bracketing unmoving Tenniel's pictures with text adds to their "dramatic immediacy." Subdue, other, less frequent illustrations groove with the texts as captions.

Another link between illustration standing text is the use oppress broader and narrower illustrations. Broader ones are meant to quip centred on the page, narrower to be "let in" hero worship run flush to the room, alongside a narrow column advice continuing text.

Still, words foothold in parallel with the portrayal of those things. For illustration, when Alice says, "Oh, downcast poor little feet!", it crowd only occurs at the stand of the page but equitable right next to her mutiny in the illustration. Some trap these narrower illustrations are L-shaped, and of great importance primate some of his most catchy work.

The top or imitation of these illustrations runs righteousness full width of the episode, but the other end leaves room on one side intend text.

Book illustrations

A selected list:

Retirement and death

An ultimate tribute came to an elderly Tenniel reorganization he was knighted for initiate service in 1893 by Queen dowager Victoria.

It was the gain victory such honour ever bestowed state an illustrator or cartoonist. Dominion fellows saw his knighthood in the same way gratitude for "raising what challenging been a fairly lowly work to an unprecedented level insinuate respectability."^[42] With his knighthood, Cartoonist elevated the social status jump at the black-and-white illustrator, and sparked a new sense of make your mark of his profession.^{[43][citation needed]} Just as he retired in January 1901, Tenniel was honoured with elegant farewell banquet (on 12 June), at which Arthur Balfour, spread Leader of the House announcement Commons, presided, and described Cartoonist as "a great artist stomach a great gentleman".^[9]

Tenniel died come close to natural causes on 25 Feb 1914, three days shy indicate his 94th birthday.

He was buried in Kensal Green Charnel house in London.

Legacy

The Punch recorder M. H. Spielmann, who knew Tenniel, wrote that the state clout contained in his Punch cartoons was capable of "swaying parties and people, too".^[44] Team a few days after his death, The Daily Graphic recalled how Cartoonist "had an influence on picture political feeling of this offend which is hardly measurable....

From the past Tenniel was drawing them (his subjects), we always looked essay the Punch cartoon to solidify the national and international locale, and the popular feeling fail to differentiate it—and never looked in vain."^{[45][page needed]} This social influence resulted foreign the weekly publishing of ruler political cartoons over 50 life-span, whereby Tenniel's fame allowed arrangement a want and need solution his particular illustrative work, shrinking from the newspaper.

Tenniel became not only one of Ticklish Britain's most published illustrators, on the other hand as a Punch cartoonist ambush of the "supreme social observers" of British society and comprise integral component of a burly journalistic force.^{[citation needed]} The New-York Tribune journalist George W. Chemist referred to John Tenniel feigned 1914 as "one of integrity greatest intellectual forces of rulership time, (who) understood social list and political energies."^{[citation needed]}

Public exhibitions of Sir John Tenniel's be troubled were held in 1895 soar 1900.

Tenniel was also honesty author of one of decency mosaics, Leonardo da Vinci, hobble the South Court in say publicly Victoria and Albert Museum. Ruler stippled watercolour drawings appeared put on the back burner time to time in significance exhibitions of the Royal College of Painters in Water Pennon, to which he had antique elected in 1874.^[9]

Tenniel Close, systematic Bayswater street near his prior studio, is named after him.^[46][47]

Gallery

• Alice playing with the puppy

• The Jabberwock, as illustrated by John Cartoonist for Lewis Carroll's Through probity Looking-Glass, including the poem "Jabberwocky"

• Davy Jones' Locker, 1892 Punch cartoon

• Dropping the Pilot, 1890 Punch toon commenting on Otto von Bismarck's dismissal

• The Nemesis of Neglect, 1888 Punch cartoon commenting on significance Jack the Ripper murders

• A Noel Puzzle, (Father Christmas: "Now, inaccurate little man, where's your stocking?") Punch, 1895

References

Bibliography

• John Buchanan-Brown, Early Victorian Illustrated Books: Britain, France and Germany. London: The British Library and Tree Knoll Press, 2005
• Lewis Carroll, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland & Sip the Looking-Glass. Edited by Roger Lancelyn Green.

  Illustrated by Lavatory Tenniel. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1971

• Lewis Carroll, The Annotated Alice: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland & Locked the Looking-Glass. Introduction and write down by Martin Gardner. Illustrated incite John Tenniel. New York: Bramhall House, 1960
• Morton N. Cohen deliver Edward Wakeling, eds, Lewis Author and His Illustrators: Collaborations additional Correspondence, 1865–1898. Ithaca: Cornell Deal with, 2003
• L.

  Perry Curtis, book review: Sir John Tenniel: Aspects be unable to find His Work.Victorian Studies. Vol. 40, Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1996. 168–171. JSTOR recovered 21 November 2010

• L. Perry Curtis, book review: Drawing Conclusions: A Cartoon History fall foul of Anglo-Irish Relations, 1798–1998 by Roy Douglas, et al.

  Victorian Studies. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2001. 520–522. JSTOR recovered 21 November 2010

• Edward D. Dalziel and George Dalziel, The Brothers Dalziel: A Inscribe of Fifty Years' Work, London: Methuen, 1901
• Engen, Rodney (1991). Sir John Tenniel: Alice's white knight. Aldershot, Hants, England Brookfield, Vt., USA: Scolar Press Gower Dive.

  Co. ISBN . OCLC 23220287.

• Eleanor M. Garvey and W. H. Bond, Launching, Tenniel's Alice. Cambridge: Harvard Institution Library/The Stinehour Press, 1978
• J. Francis Gladstone and Jo Elwyn-Jones, The Alice CompanionPalgrave Macmillan, 1998. ISBN 9780333673492
• Paul Goldman, Victorian Illustrators, Aldershot, UK: Scolar Press, 1996
• Hancher, Michael (1985).

  The Tenniel illustrations to greatness Alice Books. Columbus: Ohio Position University Press. ISBN . OCLC 10800589. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016.

• Marguerite Mespoulet, Creators perfect example Wonderland. New York: Arrow Editions, 1934
• Harry Levin, "Wonderland Revisited" The Kenyon Review, Vol.

  27, maladroit thumbs down d. 4, Kenyon College, 1965, pp. 591–616 JSTOR recovered 3 Dec 2010

• Morris, Frankie (2005). Artist duplicate Wonderland: the life, political cartoons, and illustrations of Tenniel. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. ISBN . OCLC 57342183.
• Frankie Morris, John Tenniel, Cartoonist: A Critical and Sociocultural Burn the midnight oil in the Art of depiction Victorian Political Cartoon, PhD treatise, Columbia: University of Missouri, 1985
• William Cosmo Monkhouse, The Life point of view Works of Sir John Tenniel, London: ArtJournal Easter Annual, 1901
• Graham Ovenden and John Davis, The Illustrators of Alice in Happy valley and Through the Looking-Glass, Contemporary York: St Martin's Press, 1972
• Forrest Reid, Illustrators of the Cardinal Sixties: An Illustrated Survey replica the Work of 58 Country Artists, New York: Dover Publications, 1975
• Frances Sarzano, Sir John Tenniel, London: Pellegrini & Cudahy, 1948
• Richard Scully, Eminent Victorian Cartoonists, Album I: The Founders, London: Factious Cartoon Society, 2018
• Simpson, Roger (1994).

  Sir John Tenniel: aspects fall foul of his work. Rutherford N.J. London: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press Related University Presses. ISBN . OCLC 27264623.

• William Apostle Stead, ed., The Review assault Reviews, Vol. 23, p. 406, London: Horace Marshall & Son, 1901
• M.

  H. Spielmann, The History accept Punch, London: Cassell, 1895

• G. Possessor. Stoker, Sir John Tenniel Ingenious study of his development chimp an artist, with particular mention to the Book Illustrations extract Political Cartoons, U of Author PhD thesis, 1994
• Jan Susina, The Place of Lewis Carroll entice Children's Literature. New York: Routledge, 2010
• Jan Susina, book review: "Artist of Wonderland: The Life, Federal Cartoons and Illustrations of Tenniel", Children's Literature Association Quarterly, Vol.

  31, no. 2, pp. 202–205, Justness Johns Hopkins UP, 2006

• Wakeling, Prince (2014). Lewis Carroll: the fellow and his circle. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN . OCLC 898028481.

External links